His father, Mao Jensheng, had started out as a poor peasant but eventually paid off his debts, became a landowner, and started a business trading rice. A visit by United States President Richard Nixon in 1972 eventually led to diplomatic contact with the United States after decades of hostile relations. Mao Zedong. After the Kuomintang army turned on the Communists in 1927, killing them in huge numbers, Mao made his way into the countryside, where he was able to rally the peasants to join him. In 1912 a new government, the Republic of China, formed. The Communists, he argued, should lead the peasants or get out of the way. Bands of young Chinese, called Red Guards, ransacked museums, libraries, temples, and people's homes. ." In its effort to achieve this, the center had to curb the growing powers of the soviet leaders like Mao, and it had the authority of the Comintern behind it. Few twentieth-century leaders have left such a profound imprint on modern times as did the Chinese revolutionary Mao Zedong. At its beginning the CCP found itself in rural areas trying to stem rapid decline. Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. The Nationalists wanted to keep control of China in the hands of landowners and businessmen, but the communists wanted the country turned over to the peasantry. New York: Puffin, 1993. It was restored in 1949, and furnished with some of the familys belongings and old photos. Mao Zedong Although his life there was miserable, he was working under the chief librarian of Peking University, who was one of the pioneer Marxists of China. There are entriguing stories about every corner of the place, involving both well-known figures and some young rank-and-filers. "Mao Zedong Nearly one million people were condemned as rightists and sent to jail or prison camps during the next year. By the 1960s, disputes between China and the Soviet Union had grown into a struggle for leadership of the communist world. In this struggle it was revealed how elitist, bureaucratic, and brittle the CCP had become since 1949. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mao-zedong-3, "Mao Zedong Unlike Stalin, who remained in firm control of the Soviet party from the 1920s, Mao never had complete command over the CCP. The European continent. The campaign tore the country apart from 1966 to 1969, forcing Mao to call for military intervention to restore order, and it dragged on destructively until his death in 1976. Hungry Ghosts: China's Secret Famine. Born in Shaoshan (Hunan), Mao Zedong was the son of a moderately wealthy peasant. Despite his miscalculations with the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, Mao wisely decided to play the American card in order to counterbalance growing Soviet military power on the conflict-prone Chinese border. "Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan, March 1927." Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) was born on December 26, 1893, in the small village of Shaoshan in Hunan, a province in central China that had remained isolated from the modern world. Although he described his father as a "rich peasant," the family clearly had to work hard for a living. During the Cultural Revolution, she was appointed deputy director and became leader of the "Gang of Four." It was a monumental failure with disastrous results. A modest earth-and-wood structure facing two ponds, it consists of front and rear yards with main rooms and wing rooms. guerrilla warfare: an irregular form of combat; in Korea it usually involved small groups of warriors who hid in mountains, enlisted the help of the local population, and used ambushes and surprise attacks to harass or even destroy much larger armies. Within months, all of China's six million peasants were working in collectives. The government dictated what would be grown, how much of it, and what the peasants would be paid for their work. 1969), are also outstanding works as is Siao-Yu, Mao Tse-tung and I Were Beggars (1961). With their assistance, he had built the Kuomintang military organization and modern party along Soviet lines. Cold War Reference Library. Then, only one year after he proclaimed a Chinese republic, Mao felt it necessary to stop the American and UN troops that were advancing up to China's borders as they overwhelmed the North Koreans. The Soviets immediately requested that the new Chinese Communist Party cooperate with the Kuomintang. Under Mao's brilliant leadership the party fought from one victory to another, until it took power in 1949. New York: Random House. His father, a poor peasant and former soldier, had risen to the level of grain merchant and owned two and a half acres of land. Soon there was no Chinese thought beyond the extent of Mao's thought. His father, a poor peasant and former soldier, had risen to the level of grain merchant and owned two and a half acres of land. Encyclopedia.com. During the low ebb of the revolutionary tide and the hardships of the Long March, those who might have challenged Mao fell by the wayside, largely through their own fault. For his courage and leadership during this journey, Mao was elected chairman of the Chinese Communist Party. ." Born among China's peasants, Mao grew up in a country weakened by overpopulation and by a failing government. While making a living as a primary schoolteacher, he edited radical magazines, organized trade unions, and set up politically oriented schools of his own in the orthodox manner of Communist agitation among city workers and students. It was a mass mobilization of urban Chinese youth that took place from 1966 through 1976. Marxism: the belief, originating with German political philosopher Karl Marx, that a revolution by the working class would eventually lead to a classless society. UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography. He became very active in the world of political discussion, forming student groups, editing magazines, and leading in student protest demonstrations. The soviets threatened to disrupt the unity of the revolutionary movement, because it was thought that it would break it up into small pockets. New York: Harper & Row, 1980. 1968), which contains Mao's autobiography, and The Other Side of the River (1962) are both excellent works on Mao and the Chinese Communist movement. Over three thousand hunger strikers gathered at the central Monument to the People's Heroes in the square. Mao's thought now guided the Communists in their way of thinking, their organization, and their action. Under conditions of siege, the autonomy of these soviets threatened to disrupt the unity of the revolutionary movement, breaking it up into small pockets of resistance like premodern peasant wars. One of these soviets was Mao's Ching-kang mountain base area between Kiangsi and Hunan, where he had to rely chiefly on the support of the poor peasants. Early life of Mao Zedong In 1912 a new government, the Republic of China, formed. To win the favor of high government leaders, local party officials inflated farm output figures. The early life of Mao Although U.S. intervention had placed Taiwan beyond their grasp, by the mid to late-1950s things had gone very well for the Communists, and for this much credit must go to Mao and his fellow party leaders. Mao Zedong Nationalist Party in 1927, the two former allies fought a civil war until 1949. Mao was a complex personality who was torn between admiration for Chinas past imperial glory and despair at its parlous condition in the closing decades of the nineteenth century, when he was born. Mao was undoubtedly the key figure in China in the 20th century and one of the century's most important movers and reformers. The years of this struggle within the party coincided with Chiang Kai-shek's (18971975) successes in his anti-Communist campaigns. Physically weakened, suffering from a lifetime of effort and Parkinson's Disease (a brain disorder), Mao's ability to rule in new and innovative ways to meet the demands of China's modernization grew increasingly weak. Known popularly as "Chairman Mao," Mao Zedong ruled Mainland China until his death in 1976. WebMao Zedong was born on December 26 th, 1893, in Shaoshan, Hunan Province of China, to Mao Yichang, a wealthy farmer, and Wen Qimei, a Buddhist. Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Mao Zedong was elected a member of the bureaus standing committee, and his military strategies were approved. By summer, with millions of workers and soldiers joining the battle, China was in turmoil. Mao had two younger brothers and one younger sister. Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2003. Some argue that Mao's contributions to the Chinese nationthe restoration of China's independence and sovereignty, the unification of China, and the construction of socialismfar exceed his errors. Terrill, Ross. The consequent three bitter years (19591961) saw rural peasants perish in the millions due to harsh conditions for the very young, the very old, and the disadvantaged. (Communism is a political ideology based on socialism.) As he aged, he became increasingly out of touch with political reality, vainly attempting to force the entire nation onto the Procrustean bed of his own ideological convictions (ideological fantasies, some would say). In 1944, when Written on Water was first published, Shanghai was a city of commerce and fashion and unwilling political entanglement. By the early 1970s, illness plagued Mao, and the running of the country was left largely to his third wife. 2001. ." see also China, After 1945; Chinese Revolutions. But China's powerful offensives in November and December 1950 threw the UN troops into a retreat, and after two more years of battle, all the forces of the United Nations were unable to overcome the Chinese. During the famous Cultural Revolution of 1966 through 1969, Mao organized the army and young students into the Red Guards. Mao: A Life. He developed an early interest in political and international affairs, and his years at the First Provincial Normal School in Changsha, where he studied to be a teacher, brought him into contact with young men and women from all over the province. Schram, Stuart. Although Mao in 1945 apologized publicly for the brutality of the campaign, it nevertheless set a precedent for future campaigns against dissidents, real or imagined. "Mao Zedong After the collapse of the united front with the Sharpe. Many were seeking independence from political control of Western European nations. Mao invited U.S. president Richard M. Nixon (19131994; served 196974; see entry) to visit China in 1972. Retrieved June 29, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/mao-zedong. Mao had two younger brothers and one younger sister. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mao-zedong-1, "Mao Zedong Encyclopedia.com. Unlike the Ukrainian famines in the early 1930s, which Stalin had planned to Mao Zedong's father was known to beat him and his siblings. "Mao Zedong He was, however, still parochial in the sense that he had inherited the pragmatic and utilitarian tradition of Hunan scholarship with the hope that somehow it would help him in his groping for ways and means to strengthen and enrich his country. Mao thought too many communist leaders in China were getting too comfortable in their long-held positions and letting the communist movement drift away from his hard-core philosophy. New York: Viking. At the age of 16 Mao left the farm and his family in order not to go ahead with an arranged marriage. Mao Zedong, also spelled Mao Tse-tung, was born on December 26, 1893, into a Chinese homeland that appeared to be falling apart. Retrieved June 29, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mao-zedong-3. Central to Mao Zedong Thought is his application of Marxist and Leninist theories of world proletarian revolutions to the actual conditions of China. There they built a strong rebel government, attracting more and more people to their cause. An unfortunate result of this rebuff was that he was completely left out of the nationwide strikes against Japan and Britain in the summer of that year, during which many of his comrades made their mark as leaders of the trade union movement or party politics. New York: Henry Holt. 2 vols. As a young man, he struggled to reconcile the dichotomy in his mind (and in the minds of many others in his generation) between Chinas traditional civilization and the increasing demands of a modern world dominated by the advanced nations of Europe and North America. rightist: a person who advocates maintaining tradition and the status quo and generally supports a strong and authoritarian government by the elite. During the Korean War, many U.S. policy-makers believed that China was a satellite ofor indirectly ruled bythe Soviet Union. A successful revolution, in its view, had to take the course of a series of urban uprisings under proletarian leadership. He initiated a campaign that prohibited imitation of Soviet communism or obedience to the Soviet's directives. WebMao Zedong was born on December 26 th, 1893, in Shaoshan, Hunan Province of China, to Mao Yichang, a wealthy farmer, and Wen Qimei, a Buddhist. To perform it, a phalanx of men, with their heads bundled in the white towel headwear prevalent in that locality, hold batons adorned with bright red ribbons and swirl and skip on bare ground. Giant portraits of Mao were displayed on billboards all around China. First, pro-Soviet communists returned from Moscow to work for the Bolshevization of the party. In the early 1940s, the Soviets accused Mao of waging a purge: getting rid of the Soviet-influenced leaders of the Communist Chinese Party, sometimes through violence or murder. By early 1941 the unity between the KMT and CCP had come to exist in name But Mao had ever more ambitious plans. Mao Zedong: Biography, Cultural Revolution, Major Facts Short, Philip (1999). Mao did not venture outside his home province (state) until he was twenty-five. (June 29, 2023). Encyclopedia of World Biography. Mao's ideas were popularized in The Little Red Book, or Mao Zedong on People's War. Biographies of 500 leaders of the Communist movement in China, including Mao, are in Donald W. Klein and Anne B. Clark, Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism, 1921-1965 (2 vols., 1971). At the centennial anniversary of Maos birth in 1993 the local authority erected bronze statues in his image, and likenesses of six members of his family who were killed in the revolution. Guangan, Szechwan Province, China . Mao Zedong Facts For most Chinese though, many of whom were born well after Maos death, he remains the human embodiment of Chinas national regeneration and its reemergence as a great world power. Initially Mao and his party threw China's huge military forces to the regaining of Taiwan from Chiang's Nationalists and to reestablishing their footing in Tibet, which had recently been resisting the "special relationship" China claimed with it. World Encyclopedia. (June 29, 2023). The following are some of the most visited places. . High-rises crown the new skyline, and luxury autos like BMW and Mercedes flash by on the road. Born: Dec. 26, 1893 in Shaoshan, Hunan Province, China Parents: Mao Yichang, Wen Qimei Died: Sept. 9, 1976 in Beijing, People's Republic of China Published Works: The Warlords Clash (poem, 1929), The Tasks of the Communist Party in the Period of Resistance to Japan (1937), Mao's Little Red Book (19641976) By far the greatest loss of life during Mao's regime stemmed from the deadly spring famines (19591961) of the Great Leap Forward. The Soviet Union cut off all aid. 29 Jun. During the Long March, the communists fought constant battles and suffered incredible hardships. Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1996. Encyclopedia of World Biography. His father, Mao Jensheng, had started out as a poor peasant but eventually paid off his debts, became a landowner, and started a WebMao Zedong, Wade-Giles romanization Mao Tse-tung, (born December 26, 1893, Shaoshan, Hunan province, Chinadied September 9, 1976, Beijing), principal Chinese Marxist theorist, soldier, and statesman who led his countrys communist revolution. Third World refers to poor, underdeveloped or economically developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Volume I, 19491957. Mao had two younger brothers and one younger sister. What was now called Mao Zedong thought was said to represent the Sinification of Marxism, that is to say, the adaptation of Marxist theory to Chinas actual historical conditions. WebHe was born December 26, 1893, in the small village of Shaoshan in Hunan province. Encyclopedia.com. WebBirth: 1893 Mao Zedong's parents: Mao Yichang (left) and Wen Qimei (right) Mao was born on December 26, 1893, in his familiar home in the rural village of Shaoshanchong in Xiangtan county, Hunan Province, part of south-central China. . WebMao Zedong was a Marxist theorist, revolutionary, and, from 1949 to 1959, the first chairman of the Peoples Republic of China. To what degree his radical actions in his later years were due to his illness and age is a matter of debate among historians. An unspecified, but probably large, number of victims died or suffered permanent damage to their health from forced labor, abuse, and malnutrition in the camps. He received a traditional education in the classics at a primary school in the village of Shaoshan. Retrieved June 29, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mao-zedong. However, Sun could not unify the country and by 1916 power had fallen into the hands of military generals, or warlords, who controlled the numerous provinces in the country. She committed suicide in 1991. He wanted to speed up the pace of economic growth, based on industrial development and the collectivization of agriculture; and he wanted to emancipate China from the bonds of the Soviet alliance, which he found increasingly restrictive. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. When Mao died in Beijing (Peking) on September 9, 1976, the new leaders began to steer China away from his strict policies. 2023 . Mao With the inauguration of the Chinese Communist party (CCP) in 1921, of which Mao was one of the 50 founder-members, these activities were pursued with added energy and to a greater depth. Mao Zedong: Founder of the People's Republic of China. Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. . . He led the long struggle that made China a communist nation in 1949. No Chinese thought beyond the premises of Mao's thoughta state of affairs reminiscent of the Christianization of Europe in the Middle Ages. Mao was one of the founders of the CCP, formed in July 1921.
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