See his article, Early Use of Cannon and Musket in India, AD 14421526, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 24, no. V. Minorsky, "The Poetry of Shh Isml I", establishing Twelver Shsm as the state religion of Iran, "The emergence of the Safavids as a mystical order and their subsequent rise to power in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries", "The Voyages and Travels of the Ambassadors", "Georgians in the Safavid administration", Artistic and cultural history of the Safavids from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. A 16601792 Perspective, in Military Revolution Debate, ed. Parker and Subrahmanyam, Arms and the Asian, 38. It is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history, as well as one of the gunpowder empires. Louis Langls (Paris, 1810), 50, cited in Matthee, Unwalled Cities, 401. Seven years later, following Nadir Shahs assassination, in 1747, the Uzbek Manghit tribal elite usurped authority in Bukhara, and reorganized their Central Asian forces along precisely those same lines.88. 1 (2014): 5. [35], Genealogyancestors of the Safavids and its multi-cultural identity. The authority of the Safavids was religiously based, and their claim to legitimacy was founded on being direct male descendants of Ali,[30] the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, and regarded by the Shia as the first Imam. The Safavid Empire | Safavid Dynasty History - Study.com The Safavids produced and used artillery, but they found it cumbersome and slow, and so they exhibited a strong, sustained preference for the rapid movement of cavalry. John Guilmartin, a specialist in early modern European military history, found 16th-century Ottoman weapons production to be every bit as advanced as that of Spain.49, Technological innovations were important and they could be decisive in specific instances. Bert S. Hall, Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 42. Why Did The Safavid Empire Decline? - FAQS Clear How did the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals gain access to gunpowder, given that gunpowder tech helped the Ottomans to seal the end of the Byzantine Empire by busting the fortifications around Constatinople? 32. In this lesson, we looked at the three Gunpowder Empires, the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals, and how each declined in the 18th century. 48. Open Document. Rudi Matthee, Unwalled Cities and Restless Nomads, in Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society, ed. 241322. Babur describes in his memoirs how his troops employed a limited number of matchlocks and field cannon to augment his archers and create an advantage against the much larger opposing forces. Michael Adas (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993), 103139. The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal dynasties established control over Turkey, Iran, and India respectively, in large part due to a Chinese invention: gunpowder . The Safavids even cast off city walls and other expensive defenses in favor of fast-moving cavalry capable of engaging enemy forces on their frontier. 11. In Baburs own words: Orders were given for Muhammadi Kukuldash Shah Mansur Barlas, Yunas-i-ali and Abdul-lah to engage those facing them in front of the centre. 69. 1 - Safavid, Mughal, and Ottoman Empires - Cambridge University Press "Greeks and Trkmens: The Pontic Exception". Battle of Chaldiran - Wikipedia 77. They make certain trenches which they fill with their salpetrous earth, and let into them small rivulets, as much water as will serve for its soaking, which may be the more effectually done, they make use of their feet treading it till it become a broth. 58. While some states succeeded in this, many began to transform themselves too late.85, This final observation can be applied nowhere more accurately than in Central Asia, where the Bukharan Khanate and its main power base, the Uzbek tribal amirs, clung to traditional military technologies and strategies as long as they could. He also compiled an anthology of contemporary poetry. Mughal rule was weakened by inept rulers. Documentary evidence demonstrates that Europeans were using cannons by 1331, and by mid-century, they were being used throughout the Continent.15. Comparing the Ottoman, Safavid & Mughal Empires - Study.com The Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal - ThoughtCo See also Wayne E. Lee, Waging War: Conflict, Culture, and Innovation in World History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 215253. Gommans and Kolff emphasize what has been noted here, which is that the same could be said for European armies to the end of the 17th century. R Savory, "Ebn Bazzaz" in. On the other hand, when the Safavids (not Reza Shah, as is popularly assumed) revived a national state officially known as Iran, bureaucratic usage in the Ottoman empire and even Iran itself could still refer to it by other descriptive and traditional appellations". Savory, "Safavid Persia" in: Ann Katherine Swynford Lambton, Peter Malcolm Holt, Bernard Lewis, F. Daftary, "Intellectual Traditions in Islam", I.B.Tauris, 2001. p. 147: "But the origins of the family of Shaykh Safi al-Din go back not to Hijaz but to Kurdistan, from where, seven generations before him, Firuz Shah Zarin-kulah had migrated to Adharbayjan". Chapter 8: The Muslim Empires Flashcards | Quizlet Gunpowder Empires: Use of Weapons and Their Benefits Ottoman, Safavid, and the Mughal Dynasties gained superiority over Iran, Turkey, and India with the help of gunpowder- a Chinese invention. The search for this organic material represents another critically important aspect of the Military Revolution. "The Safavid Period" in Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Laurence. Kurt Franz and Wolfgang Holzwarth (Wiesbaden, Germany: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2015), 273354. Twelve years after Chaldiran, in 1526, the Timurid founder of the Mughal Empire in India, Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur, deliberately mimicked Ottoman military strategies in his battle against the Delhi Sultanate, ruled at the time by Ibrahim Lodi. Still, within the Deccan there was a general trend toward innovation. Peter Lorge provides a powerful counterpoint to the entrenched Eurocentric narrative of Western technological innovations passing eastward to less-innovative Asian peoples. Weston F. Cook Jr., The Hundred Years War for Morocco: Gunpowder and the Military Revolution in the Early Modern Muslim World (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994). This is recognized by Gommans and Kolff, who overstate the case with their assertion that, apart from the earlier introduction of Central Asian cavalry warfare during the Ghaznavid and Delhi Sultanate eras, the real Military Revolution reached India only in the 18th century with the introduction of the much faster and more efficient flintlock muskets equipped with socket bayonets, combined with new modes of training introduced by European officers.71 As in Europe, the flexible and effective integration of artillery was an important factor that facilitated Mughal military and administrative successes. The art of the Safavids is simply magnificent. The name "Iran" disappeared from official records of the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, Saljuqs and their successor. The Safavid shahs ruled over one of the gunpowder empires and one of the greatest Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Iran. Safavid dynasty | History, Culture, Religion, & Facts | Britannica The Ottomans were the most aggressive in this regard, the Mughals preferred a hybrid force, and the Safavids long favored cavalry. Subsequent work has exposed a multitude of flaws in this concept, and researchers have directed attention to the many different ways that gunpowder weapons have been incorporated into Asian militaries. At least as important is that they were designed in the shape of a star, a feature that eliminated defensive blind spots.20 Parker explains: First the walls were made both lower and thicker; but this meant that the defenders, although better protected against bombardment, could no longer watch the ground immediately below them and so became more vulnerable to a surprise assault. 34. It is well known that the Ottomans quite early on developed an artillery corps. 28. However, more recent scholarship suggests that other factors must also be given consideration. The explanation to your question is within the name itself, as is the opinion regarding accuracy of description. The Voyages & Travels of J. Albert de Mandelslo, in The Voyages & Travels of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy, and the King of Persia, ed. But this changed as, one after another, medieval fortresses fell victim to heavy artillery. Before long, however, further technological advancements, including especially the flintlock musket, would provide a decisive advantage to infantry troops armed with gunpowder weaponry, and even the strongest cavalry forces, those that resisted gunpowder weapons as long as possible, would find themselves unable to resist any longer. The Safavids and the Gunpowder Empires - Paradox Interactive Forums Decline of the Muslim Empires: Ottomans, Safavids & Mughals Firearms and the Qing Formation, in The Qing Formation in World-Historical Time, ed. But if the Europeans became locked into the trace italienne model of fortress, in the Deccan gunsmiths developed larger guns, devised swivels to make them easier to maneuver, and then modified the architecture of their fortresses so that they could function effectively.66 Eaton and Wagoner conclude that the sustained military adaptations throughout this period improved defenses and brought stability to the Deccan sultanates, which resulted in a period of general prosperity and cultural efflorescence throughout the region. Khan, Early Use of Cannon and Musket in India, 321322. ed. 9, 619628. It has long been known, though too infrequently appreciated, that in the following decades, Muslim chemists and engineers were similarly experimenting with the destructive capacity of the gunpowder compound and that their achievements had a significant impact on the rate and trajectory of technological developments.44 Work by Peter Lorge and others goes some distance toward rectifying this issue. Already in the 11th century, Chinese armies were using a great variety of highly inventive techniques to maximize the destructive capacity of gunpowder.6 These included early types of bombs, mortars, grenades, and landmines, as well as fire-lances: hollowed-out bamboo tubes to direct low-nitrate, slow-burning explosions as a defensive measure against enemy troops.7 The result would have appeared somewhat like a modern firework, an exceptionally large Roman candle, for example, which would have been quite effective at discouraging ones opponents. R.M. goston, Guns for the Sultan, 59. 51. Esfahan Shh 'Abbs moved the capital city of the Safavids from Tabrz to which city? 16. 1. The Gunpowder Empires | Ottoman, Safavid & Mughal Empires - Video strict religious views, military became less effective, How did The empire declined after Shah Abbas had no more talent or political skills. Gommans and Kolff, Warfare and Weaponry, 35; and Rudi Matthee, Firearms i. History, in Encyclopaedia Iranica (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982 ), vol. Turkey Where did the Safavid conquer? In that environment, it was simply unnecessary to invest in building and maintaining expensive fortifications for even the most important cities in the interior. 61. Streusand advances his argument with good justification and he makes a number of important points, but there are good reasons to question just how far one can take the concept of the early modern Gunpowder Empire. As it evolved, the concept has commonly been employed as part of a Eurocentric construct involving Europeans developing progressively more advanced military technologies, which were then transmitted eastward to less technologically advanced Asian consumers. 4 (1999): 526528. 46. Eaton and Wagoner reference a telling quotation from none other than the Portuguese viceroy of the Estado da India, Alfonso de Albuquerque. Who did the Safavid Empire interact with? - Wise-Answers 3. Andrade suggests that, following the conquest of Xinjiang in 17561759, the Qing Empire enjoyed an uncharacteristically long period of minimal military conflict during which, Chinas armies atrophied, and military innovation slowed.83 Of course, the Qing military remained substantial in its size and a formidable force in both East and Central Asia throughout this period. It is probable that the family originated in Persian Kurdistan, and later moved to Azerbaijan, where they adopted the Azari form of Turkish spoken there, and eventually settled in the small town of Ardabil sometimes during the eleventh century. Ultimately, however, he concludes that the Mamluks suffered from a cultural bias against them. Jeremy Black, A Military Revolution? 50. Mughal Where did the Ottomans conquer? David Cressy, Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 136151. This represents a stark contrast to the traditional interpretation, as articulated, for example, in Chase, Firearms, 134136. In the 1970s, Marshall Hodgson and William H. McNeil theorized that the introduction of gunpowder weapons in the Islamic East and their monopolization by the ruling elite led to the development of new forms of absolutist governments, which they termed Gunpowder Empires. HOW THE WEST CAME TO POWERThe Gunpowder Empires EXPLAINED || WHAT HAPPENED? Printed from Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Asian History. 2, The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th13th Centuries (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1997). The same was true in Persia and South Asia, where the transition from the earlier cavalry-based steppe warfare was also gradual and uneven, and propelled forward as much by defeat as by victory. . Effective flanking fire was therefore needed, and it could only be provided by constructing gun-towers which projected at an angle beyond the walls and carried artillery which could not only cut down any assault on the main defences, but also keep the enemys siegeguns at bay and cover the blind spots around the neighboring bastions. But they only provided a temporary advantage, as opposing forces were quick to assimilate new technologies and adapt them to their own circumstances. Sound conclusions regarding this topic were advanced more than six decades ago in David Ayalon, Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom: A Challenge to a Mediaeval Society (London: Mitchell Vallentine, 1956). Reminiscent of Parkers trace italianne in Europe, already in 14681469, the proliferation of gunpowder weaponry in central Indias Deccan Plateau had motivated the Bahmanid rulers to enhance their great fortress Raichur by adding bastions and curtain walls constructed specifically to withstand artillery and incorporating gun ports from which the defenders could fire cannons.60 Similar architectural techniques can be found at other Bahmanid fortresses as well, dating at least as early as 1461.61. 25. Augmenting documentary sources with archaeological evidence, the work of Richard Eaton and Philip Wagoner strongly supports Khans conclusions, and makes several additional advancements. The first such explosive was black powder, which consists of a mixture of saltpetre (potassium nitrate), sulfur, and charcoal. Islamic gunpowder empires : Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals This also made some Europeans believe the Ottomans to be 'barbaric' Fall of the Holy Roman Empire Concurrently, the Shahs themselves also supported Persian literature, poetry and art projects including the grand Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp,[26][27] while members of the family and some Shahs composed Persian poetry as well.[28][29].
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