Typically employed by militaries with the greatest need or the most autocratic leaders. )percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 17.2% (2013 est. The Colom- bian military is composed of three branches: the Army, Navy and the Air Force. United States 31%, China 11%, Panama 6%, Ecuador 5% (2019), crude petroleum, coal, coffee, gold, refined petroleum (2021), $70.84 billion (2021 est.) ), conventional long form: Republic of Colombiaconventional short form: Colombialocal long form: Repblica de Colombialocal short form: Colombiaetymology: the country is named after explorer Christopher COLUMBUS, name: Bogotageographic coordinates: 4 36 N, 74 05 Wtime difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)etymology: originally referred to as "Bacata," meaning "enclosure outside of the farm fields," by the indigenous Muisca, 32 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 capital district* (distrito capital); Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlantico, Bogota*, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Guainia, Guaviare, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Quindio, Risaralda, Archipielago de San Andres, Providencia y Santa Catalina (colloquially San Andres y Providencia), Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes, Vichada, history: several previous; latest promulgated 4 July 1991amendments: proposed by the government, by Congress, by a constituent assembly, or by public petition; passage requires a majority vote by Congress in each of two consecutive sessions; passage of amendments to constitutional articles on citizen rights, guarantees, and duties also require approval in a referendum by over one half of voters and participation of over one fourth of citizens registered to vote; amended many times, last in 2020, civil law system influenced by the Spanish and French civil codes, has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction, citizenship by birth: nocitizenship by descent only: least one parent must be a citizen or permanent resident of Colombiadual citizenship recognized: yesresidency requirement for naturalization: 5 years, chief of state: President Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego (since 7 August 2022); Vice President Francia Elena MRQUEZ Mina (since 7 August 2022); the president is both chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego (since 7 August 2022); Vice President Francia Elena MRQUEZ Mina (since 7 August 2022)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term; election last held on 29 May 2022 with a runoff held on 19 June 2022 (next to be held on 31 May 2026); note - political reform in 2015 eliminated presidential reelectionelection results: 2022: Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego (PHxC) 40.3%, Rodolfo HERNNDEZ Surez (LIGA) 28.2%, Federico GUTIRREZ Zuluaga (Team for Colombia / CREEMOS) 23.9%, other 7.6%; percent of vote in second round - Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego (PHxC) 50.4%, Rodolfo HERNNDEZ Suarez (LIGA) 47.3%2018: Ivn DUQUE Mrquez elected president in second round; percent of vote - Ivn DUQUE Mrquez (CD) 54%, Gustavo Francisco PETRO Urrego (Humane Colombia) 41.8%, other/blank/invalid 4.2%, description: bicameral Congress or Congreso consists of:Senate or Senado (108 seats; 100 members elected in a single nationwide constituency by party-list proportional representation vote, 2 members elected in a special nationwide constituency for indigenous communities, 5 members of the Commons political party, formerly the People's Alternative Revolutionary Force (FARC), for 2 legislative terms only: 2018-2022 and 2022-2026 as per the 2016 peace accord, and 1 seat reserved for the runner-up presidential candidate in the recent election; all members serve 4-year terms), Chamber of Representatives or Camara de Representantes (188 seats; 162 members elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote, 2 members elected in a special nationwide constituency for Afro-Colombians, 1 member elected by Colombians residing abroad, 1 member elected in a special nationwide constituency for the indigenous communities, 5 members of the Commons political party for two legislative terms only: 2018-2022 and 2022-2026 as per the 2016 peace accord, 16 seats for rural conflict victims for two legislative terms only: 2022-2026 and 2026-2030, and 1 seat reserved for the runner-up vice presidential candidate in the recent election; all members serve 4-year terms), highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (consists of the Civil-Agrarian and Labor Chambers each with 7 judges, and the Penal Chamber with 9 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 magistrates); Council of State (consists of 27 judges); Superior Judiciary Council (consists of 13 magistrates)judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the Supreme Court members from candidates submitted by the Superior Judiciary Council; judges elected for individual 8-year terms; Constitutional Court magistrates - nominated by the president, by the Supreme Court, and elected by the Senate; judges elected for individual 8-year terms; Council of State members appointed by the State Council plenary from lists nominated by the Superior Judiciary Councilsubordinate courts: Superior Tribunals (appellate courts for each of the judicial districts); regional courts; civil municipal courts; Superior Military Tribunal; first instance administrative courts, Alternative Democratic Pole or PDA [Alexander LOPEZ Maya]Citizens Option (Opcion Ciudadana) or OC [Angel ALIRIO Moreno] (formerly known as the National Integration Party or PIN)The Commons (formerly People's Alternative Revolutionary Force or FARC) [Rodrigo LONDONO Echeverry]Conservative Party or PC [Carlos Andres TRUJILLO]Democratic Center Party or CD [Alvaro URIBE Velez]Fair and Free Colombia (Colombia Justa Libres) [Eduardo Canas Estrada and Ricardo Arias Mora]Green Alliance [Claudia LOPEZ Hernandez]Historic Pact for Colombia or PHxC (coalition composed of several left-leaning political parties and social movements)Humane Colombia [Gustavo PETRO]Independent Movement of Absolute Renovation or MIRA [Carlos Eduardo GUEVARA]League of Anti-Corruption Rulers or LIGA [Rodolfo HERNANDEZ Suarez]Liberal Party or PL [Cesar GAVIRIA]People's Alternative Revolutionary Force or FARC [Rodrigo LONDONO Echeverry]Radical Change or CR [German VARGAS Lleras]Team for Colombia - also known as the Experience Coalition or Coalition of the Regions (coalition composed of center-right and right-wing parties)Union Party for the People or U Party [Dilian Francisca TORO]We Believe Colombia or CREEMOS [Federico GUTIERREZ]note: Colombia has numerous smaller political parties and movements, BCIE, BIS, CAN, Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CELAC, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-3, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, PROSUR, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, chief of mission: Ambassador Luis Gilberto MURILLO URRUTIA (since 16 September 2022)chancery: 1724 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036telephone: [1] (202) 387-8338FAX: [1] (202) 232-8643email address and website: eestadosunidos@cancilleria.gov.cohttps://www.colombiaemb.org/consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Newark (NJ), Orlando, San Juan (Puerto Rico), Washington, DCconsulate(s): Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charg d'Affaires Francisco L. PALMIERI (since 1 June 2022)embassy: Carrera 45, No. Because of political violence and economic problems, Colombia received limited numbers of immigrants during the 19th and 20th centuries, mostly from the Middle East, Europe, and Japan. )$681.844 billion (2020 est. )services: 62.1% (2017 est. The military obligations of Colombians end on the day they reach the age of 50." For women military service is voluntary. For members of the active component, the service obligation is a period of active duty; for members of a . ), municipal solid waste generated annually: 12,150,120 tons (2011 est. )3% of GDP (2020 est. Colombia was one of the three countries that emerged after the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others are Ecuador and Venezuela). This entry gives the required ages for voluntary or conscript military service and the length of service obligation. )exports: 251 million kWh (2020 est. The process of scrapping obligatory military service would be gradual until complete abolition in 2030. More recently, growth in the oil, mining, and manufacturing sectors has attracted increased labor migration; the primary source countries are Venezuela, the US, Mexico, and Argentina. )imports: 79,000 metric tons (2020 est. PDF Colombian Military Forces - arsof-history.org However, it was still waiting to advance as of Nov 2021. Colombia experiences significant legal and illegal economic emigration and refugee outflows. PDF Military Recruitment and Conscientious objection in Colombia ), electrification - total population: 97% (2019)electrification - urban areas: 100% (2019)electrification - rural areas: 86% (2019), installed generating capacity: 19.769 million kW (2020 est. Those males over the age of thirty who had fulfilled their service requirement were considered members of the military reserves until reaching forty-five years of age; those under the Spanish (official) and 65 Amerindian languagesmajor-language sample(s): La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de informacin bsica. Military Forces of Colombia - Wikipedia free to choose from the three branches of the armed forces (Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy, Royal Thai Air Force). )exports of goods and services: 14.6% (2017 est. )imports: 403.146 million cubic meters (2020 est. Colombian males maintained a military service obligation until reaching fifty years of age. Colombia (1-2 years . Compulsory military service has declined considerably since 1970. )beer: 3.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. The accord calls for members of the FARC to demobilize, disarm, and reincorporate into society and politics. )government consumption: 14.8% (2017 est. ), urban population: 82.4% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 1.01% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. not availablenote: the Taliban dismissed nearly all women from the former Afghan Government security forces, except those serving in detention facilities and assisting with body searches, 18-27 (up to 32 in some cases) for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished 2010 (2023)note: as of 2021, women comprised about 15% of the military's full-time personnel, including 20% of the officers, 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service for men and women; 19-30 years of age for mandatory service for men (all Algerian men must register at age 17); service obligation reduced from 18 to 12 months in 2014 (2023)note: as of 2020, conscripts comprised an estimated 70% of the military, 20-45 years of age for compulsory and 18-45 years for voluntary military service for men (registration at age 18 is mandatory); 20-45 years of age for voluntary service for women; 24-month conscript service obligation; Angolan citizenship required; the Navy is entirely staffed with volunteers (2023), 18-23 years of age for voluntary military service for both men and women; no conscription (2022), 18-24 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription suspended in 1995; citizens can still be drafted in times of crisis, national emergency, or war, or if the Defense Ministry is unable to fill all vacancies to keep the military functional (2023)note - as of 2021, women comprised over 21% of the active duty military, 18-27 for voluntary/contract (men and women) or compulsory (men) military service; contract military service is 3-12 months or 3 or 5 years; conscripts serve 24 months; men under the age of 36, who have not previously served as contract servicemen and are registered in the reserve, as well as women, regardless of whether they are registered in the reserve can be enrolled in contractual military service; all citizens aged 27 to 50 are registered in the military reserve and may be called to serve if mobilization is declared (2023)note: as of 2021, conscripts comprised about half of the military's active personnel; as of 2018, women made up about 13% of the active duty military; the Armenian Army established its first all-women combat unit in 2020, 17 years of age for voluntary military service (with parental consent); no conscription (abolished 1973); women allowed to serve in all roles, including combat arms, since 2013 (2022)note 1: foreign nationals who are permanent residents, particularly New Zealanders, or those who have applied for citizenship or overseas candidates who have appropriate experience and qualifications from an overseas military can apply to join the ADFnote 2: in 2020-2021, women comprised nearly 20% of the military, registration requirement at age 17, the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; men above the age of 18 are subject to compulsory military service; women may volunteer; compulsory service is for 6 months, or optionally, alternative civil/community service (Zivildienst) for 9 months (2023)note 1: as of 2019, women made up about 4% of the military's full-time personnelnote 2: in a January 2013 referendum, a majority of Austrians voted in favor of retaining the system of compulsory military service (with the option of alternative/non-military service) instead of switching to a professional army system; approximately 40% of those liable to compulsory service have opted in favor of alternative civil/community service, 18-25 years of age for compulsory military service for men; 17-35 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; 18 months service for conscripts (2023)note: most of the military is made up of professional contract soldiers; as of 2018, women made up an estimated 3% of the active duty military, 18 years of age for voluntary male and female service; no conscription (2022), 18 years of age for voluntary military service; 15 years of age for non-commissioned officers, technicians, and cadets; no conscription (2022)note: the BDF hires foreign nationals, Sunni Muslims primarily from Arabic countries and Pakistan, to serve under contract; as of 2020, foreigners were estimated to comprise as much as 80% of the military; the policy has become a controversial issue with the primarily Shia population; during the 2011, the BDF reportedly deployed mostly foreign personnel against protesters, 16-21 years of age for voluntary military service; Bangladeshi nationality and 10th grade education required; officers: 17-21 years of age, Bangladeshi nationality, and 12th grade education required (2022), voluntary service only (men and women); 17 years, 9 months to 17 years, 11 months with letter of consent from a parent or guardian, or be in the age range of 18-25 years at the start of recruit training; citizens of Barbados by descent or naturalization (2022), 18-27 years of age for compulsory military or alternative service; conscript service obligation is 12-18 months, depending on academic qualifications, and 24-36 months for alternative service, also depending on academic qualifications; 17-year-olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel (2023)note: conscripts can be assigned to the military, to the Ministry of Interior as internal or border troops, or to the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection (alternative service); as of 2020, conscripts comprised an estimated 40% of the military, 18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished in 1995 (2022)note 1: in 2020, women comprised about 9% of the military's full-time personnelnote 2: foreign nationals 18-34 years of age who speak Dutch or French and are citizens of EU countries, Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland may apply to join the military, 18 years of age for voluntary military service; laws allow for conscription only if volunteers are insufficient, but conscription has never been implemented; initial service obligation is 12 years (2022), 18-35 years of age for voluntary and selective compulsory military service for men and women; a higher education diploma is required; conscript service is 18 months (2023), men and women who are Commonwealth citizens and 18-45 years of age can volunteer for the Bermuda Regiment; service is for a minimum period of three years and two months from the date of enlistment; service can be extended only by volunteering or an executive order from the Governor; annual training commitment is about 30 days a year, which includes a two-week camp, weekends, and drill nights (2023), 18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription; militia training is compulsory for males aged 20-25, over a 3-year period (2023)note: in 2021, the Royal Bhutan Army graduated from a year-long training course the first batch of 150 women to be allowed to serve in combat roles; previously, women were allowed to serve in medical and other non-combat roles, compulsory for all men between the ages of 18 and 22; men can volunteer from the age of 16, women from 18; service is for 12 months; Search and Rescue service can be substituted for citizens who have reached the age of compulsory military service; duration of this service is 24 months (2023)note: foreign nationals 18-22 residing in Bolivia may join the armed forces; joining speeds the process of acquiring Bolivian citizenship by naturalization, 18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory retirement at age 35 or after 15 years of service for junior enlisted personnel, mandatory retirement at age 50 and 30 years of service for non-commissioned officers, mandatory retirement at age 55 and 30 years of service for all commissioned officers; conscription abolished in 2005 (2021)note: as of 2021, women made up about 7% of the military's full-time personnel, 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (2022), 18-45 years of age for compulsory military service for men (women exempted); only 5-10% of those inducted are required to serve; conscript service obligation is 10-12 months; 17-45 years of age for voluntary service (2023)note: in 2020, women comprised approximately 9% of the Brazilian military, 17 years of age for voluntary military service; non-Malays are ineligible to serve (2022)note: the Gurkha Reserve Unit (GRU) employs about 500 Gurkhas from Nepal, the majority of whom are veterans of the British Army and the Singapore Police Force who have joined the GRU as a second career, 18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription ended in 2007; service obligation 6-9 months (2022)note 1: in 2021, women comprised about 17% of the Bulgarian military's full-time personnelnote 2: in 2020, Bulgaria announced a program to allow every citizen up to the age of 40 to join the armed forces for 6 months of military service in the voluntary reserve, 18-26 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; women may serve in supporting roles (2022), 18-35 years of age (men) and 18-27 years of age (women) for voluntary military service; no conscription (a 2010 law reintroducing conscription has not yet entered into force); 2-year service obligation; male (ages 18-45) and female (ages 18-35) professionals (including doctors, engineers, mechanics) serve up to 3 years; service terms may be stretched to 5 years in an officially declared emergency (2022), 18 years of age for voluntary military service (2022), 18-35 years of age for male and female selective compulsory military service; 24-month conscript service obligation; 17 years of age for voluntary service (with parental consent) (2023), 18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service (conscription only selectively enforced since 1993; service is for 18 months); women may volunteer (2023)note: in 2018, women made up an estimated 6% of the active-duty military and 88 women held the rank of general, 18-23 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; high school graduation required; service obligation 4 years (2023), 17 years of age for voluntary male and female military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; maximum 34 years of age; service obligation 3-9 years (2023)note 1: Canada opened up all military occupations to women in 2001; women currently comprise about 16% of the CAFnote 2: the CAF offers waivers to foreign nationals applying for military service only in exceptional cases to individuals on international military exchanges, for example, or to candidates who have specialized skills in high demand, 18 years of age for military service; no conscription (2021), 20 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service for men with an 18-36 month service obligation (information varies); women are subject to 12 months of compulsory military or civic service at age 21; 18-35 for voluntary service; soldiers released from active duty are in the reserves until the age of 50 (2023), 18-45 years of age for voluntary male and female military service; selective compulsory service (there are usually enough volunteers to make compulsory service unnecessary); service obligation is a minimum of 12 months for Army and 22 months for Navy and Air Force (2023)note: as of 2021, women comprised approximately 18% of the armed forces, 18-22 years of age for men for selective compulsory military service, with a 2-year service obligation; women 18-19 years of age who are high school graduates and meet requirements for specific military jobs are subject to conscription (2022)note: the PLAs conscription system functions as a levy; the PLA establishes the number of enlistees needed, which produces quotas for the provinces; each province provides a set number of soldiers or sailors; if the number of volunteers fails to meet quotas, the local governments may compel individuals to enter military service, 18-24 years of age for compulsory (men) and voluntary (men and women) military service; conscript service obligation is 18 months; conscripted soldiers reportedly include regular soldiers (conscripts without a high school degree), drafted high school graduates (bachilleres), and rural (campesino) soldiers who serve in their home regions (2023)note 1: conscripts reportedly comprise about 50% of the Colombian military's active force with more than 50,000 conscripts brought into the military annuallynote 2: the Colombian military first incorporated women in 1976 in administrative positions; women were incorporated as non-commissioned officers in 1983 and officers in 2009; women comprise about 1% of the military, 18 years of age for 2-year voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (2021), 18-45 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; 18-45 years of age for compulsory military service for men; it is unclear how much conscription is used (2023)note: in eastern Congo, fighters from armed groups, and in some cases government security forces, have been accused of forced recruitment of child soldiers, 18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription ended in 1969 (2021), 18-26 years of age for compulsory and voluntary male and female military service; conscription is not enforced (2023), 18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2008 (2022)note: as of 2021, women comprised nearly 15% of the military's full-time personnel, 17-28 years of age for compulsory (men) and voluntary (men and women) military service; conscripts serve for 24 months (2023), Cypriot National Guard (CNG): 18-50 years of age for compulsory military service for all Greek Cypriot males; 17 years of age for voluntary service; 14-month service obligation (2023)note: the CNG accepts all foreign nationals of at least partial Cypriot descent under age 32 as volunteers; dual citizenship Cypriot origin citizens, who were born in Cyprus or abroad, have the obligation to serve in the CNG on repatriation, regardless of whether or not they possess a foreign citizenship; a person is considered as having Cypriot origin where a grandparent or parent was/is a Cypriot citizen, 18-28 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished 2004 (2022)note: as of 2019, women comprised about 13% of the military's full-time personnel, 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscripts serve an initial training period that varies from 4 to 12 months depending on specialization; former conscripts are assigned to mobilization units; women eligible to volunteer for military service; in addition to full time employment, the Danish military offers reserve contracts in all three branches (2023)note 1: women have been able serve in all military occupations, including combat arms, since 1988; as of 2022, they made up about 9% of the military's full-time personnel; conscientious objectors can choose to instead serve 6 months in a non-military position, for example in Beredskabsstyrelsen (dealing with non-military disasters like fires, flood, pollution, etc.)
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