The other is of much later institution and is distinguished by the title of `Primitive Observance. The present Abbey, erected in 1928, is the home of the monks who are members of the faculty and administration of Benedictine College. (See Congregation of Cluny.). . Through the influence of saintly men, Wilfrid, Benedict Biscop, and Dunstan, the Benedictine Rule spread with extraordinary rapidity, and in the North, when once the Easter controversy had been settled and the Roman supremacy acknowledged (Synod of Whitby, 664), it was adopted in most of the monasteries that had been founded by the Celtic missionaries from Iona. Herluin (France), d. 1078; founder of Bee ( 1040). (d) Engelberg, founded 1082. Lerins, for instance, one of the oldest, which had been founded by St. Honoratus in 375, probably received its first knowledge of the Benedictine Rule from the visit of St. Augustine and his companions in 596. In Austria there were two groups of monasteries, the abbeys of Melk (Molck or Melek) and Salzburg being the chief houses. (2) Hospitallers.The Order of the Brothers Hospitallers of Burgos originated in a hospital attached to a convent of Cistercian nuns in thattown. 1654, d. 1721. Dom Wimmer and a few companions accordingly set out in 1846, and on their arrival in America they acquired the church, a house, and some land belonging to the small mission of St. Vincent, Beatty, Pennsylvania, which had been founded some time previously by a Franciscan missionary. Guido dArezzo (Italy), died c. 1028; inventor of the gamut. Antoine-Joseph Mege, b. This principle of labor was a powerful instrument in the hands of the monastic pioneers, for it attracted to them the common people who learned from the monasteries thus reared as from object lessons the secrets of organized work, agriculture, the arts and sciences, and the principles of true government. Gerard van Caloen (Belgium), b. The Bohemians and the Poles, nevertheless, owed their conversion respectively to the Benedictine missionaries Adalbert (d. 997) and Casimir (d. 1058), whilst Bavaria and what is now the Austrian Empire were evangelized first by monks from Gaul in the seventh century, and later on by St. Boniface and his disciples. Johannes Trithemius (Germany), b. The Belmont Abbey monastery has been home to Roman Catholic Benedictine monks since 1876. Clement Reyner (England), b. by hand; at the same time it is worth noticing that many of the earliest printing presses were set up in Benedictine cloisters, e.g. St. Augustine and his monks established the first English Benedictine monastery at Canterbury soon after their arrival in 597. Later on, the Spanish monks, DD. Sixteen abbots were present at a meeting held in 1470, but for some reason this union of abbeys does not seem to have been at all lasting, for in 1623 a new Austrian congregation was projected to consist of practically the same abbeys as the former congregation: Melk, Gottweig, Lambach, Kremsmunster, Vienna, Garsten, Altenburg, Seitenstetten, Mondsee, Kleinck, and Marienberg. Subiaco was his original foundation and the cradle of the institute. So zealous were they in this work that during the penal times no fewer than twenty-seven suffered martyrdom for the Faith, whilst eleven died in prison. LAY BROTHERS, OBLATES, CONFRATERS, AND NUNS, VI. They also have several seminaries and colleges. Rene-Prosper Tassin, d. 1777. At first such children were always destined for the monastic state, and St. Benedict legislated in his Rule for their solemn dedication by their parents to the service of God. Ven. St. Celestine V or Pietro di Murrhone (Apulia), b. This freedom with regard to enclosure gave rise, in course of time, to grave scandals, and the Councils of Constance (1414), Basle (1431), and Trent (1545), amongst others, regulated that all the professedly contemplative orders of nuns should observe strict enclosure, and this has continued to the present time as the normal rule of a Benedictine convent. It seems certain, however, that many of them were originally communities of Benedictine nuns, which, for one reason or another, renounced their solemn vows and assumed the state of c:anonesses, whilst still observing some form of the Benedictine Rule. Who are the Benedictines - St. Gregory's Abbey, Shawnee, OK were often circulated amongst the monasteries, each one transcribing copies before passing the original on to another house. Some educate and train in their monasteries a number of alumni, or pupils provision-ally intended for the monastic state, who though not in any way bound to do so, if showing any signs of vocation, are encouraged to receive the habit on reaching the canonical age. The fame of Reichenau also revived, and from it was founded Einsiedeln (934), which helped to carry on the traditions of the past. New foundations were made at Bethisy (1859), Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire, the ancient Fleury (1865), Oklahoma, Indian Territory, U.S.A., with an Apostolic vicariate attached (1874), Belloc (1875), Kerbeneat (1888), Encalcat (1891), Nino-Dios, Argentina (1899), and Jerusalem (1901). In Switzerland the disciples of Columbanus had founded monasteries early in the seventh century, two of the best known being St. Galls, established by the saint of that name, and Dissentis (612), founded by St. Sigisbert. Benedictine Order, the, comprises monks living under the Rule of St. Benedict, and commonly known as "black monks". 956, d. 1026; founder of the Camaldolese congregation (1009). The tradition of St. Placids mission to Sicily in 534, which first gained general credence in the eleventh century, though accepted as genuine by such writers as Mabillon and Ruinart, is now generally admitted to be mere romance. Monks in New Mexico desert dedicated to hospitality reflect on two Whilst there their numbers increased sufficiently to make new foundations at Erdington, England, in 1876, Prague in 1880, and Seckau, Styria, in 1883. Permission was obtained from the pope for these to unite and form a new congregation, the first general chapter of which was held in 1421, when Abbot Barbo was elected the first president. Influence and Work of the Order; IV. In course of time, in addition to serving several neighboring missions, the community embarked on work in New Zealand, where Dom Edmund Luck, a Ramsgate monk, was made Bishop of Auckland. Two other monasteries were added to the congregation, viz., Lamspring in Germany in 1643, and Saint-Malo in Brittany in 1611, the latter, however, being passed over to the French (Maurist) congregation in 1672. What Does it Mean to be Benedictine? - Spirit Magazine In 1493 a monk from Montserrat accompanied Columbus on his voyage of discovery and became vicar-Apostolic of the West Indies, but his stay was short, and he returned to Spain. Both American congregations labor amongst the Indians, iri Saskatchewan (N. W. T., Canada), Dakota, Vancouvers Island, and elsewhere. Csarius and Aurelian of Arles, St. Martin of Tours, and St. Columbanus of Luxeuil, and up to the sixth century the rules for nuns in most general use were those of St. Ceesarius and St. Columbanus, portions of which are still extant. At Ghent in 1624 a convent was founded under Jesuit guidance, and established daughter-houses at Boulogne in 1652, Ypres in 1665, and Dunkirk in 1662. 1861; a monk of Liguge. 1655, d. 1741. Sts. 1834, d. 1896; founder of Swiss American congregation (1870); Abbot of St. Meinrads, Indiana (1870); Vicar Apostolic of Dakota (1879). He acquired possession of the old Maurist priory of Solesmes, which Pope Gregory XVI made an abbey and the mother-house of the new congregation. Lay brothers were entrusted with the more menial work of the monastery, and all those duties that involved intercourse with the outside world, in order that the choir brethren might be free to devote themselves entirely to prayer and other occupations proper to their clerical vocation. Sigebert Buckley, born c. 1517, d. 1610; a monk of Westminster; the link between the old and new English congregations. Jerome Vaughan (England), b. (Rule of St. Benedictine monastery | Westminster Abbey St. Augustine (Rome), d. 604; Prior of St. Andrews on the Coelian Hill; the Apostle of England (596); first Archbishop of Canterbury (597). There seem to have been Benedictine confratres as early as the ninth century. For a short time Friesland was the scene, of the labors of St. Wilfrid during a temporary banishment from England in 678, and the work he began there was continued and extended to Holland by the English monks Willibrord and Swithbert. For many centuries, however, black has been the prevailing color, hence the term black monk has come to signify a Benedictine not belonging to one of those separate congregations which has adopted a distinctive color, e.g. Still more recently Australia has been indebted to the order for both its Catholicity and its hierarchy. dispersed by the Huguenots, except a few which were destroyed at the Revolution; Auxerre; Dijon. This congregation has been largely recruited from the congregation of Beuron, to which it is bound by close ties. The English historians: Florence of Worcester, d. 1118; Simeon of Durham, d. 1130; Jocelin de Brakelonde, d. 1200, a monk and chronicler of Bury St. Edmunds; Matthew Paris, d. 1259, a monk of St. Albans; William of Malmesbury, died c. 1143; Gervase of Canterbury, died c. 1205; Roger of Wendover, d. 1237, a monk of St. Albans. The Abbot of St. Ottilien is the superior general and the Beuronese Abbot of Seckau the apostolic visitor. Later on King Alfred, St. Dunstan, and St. Ethelwold did much to foster learning in England, substituting monks for secular canons in several cathedrals and greatly improving the monastic schools. The monks of St. Gall and Monte Cassino excelled in illumination and mosaic work, and the latter community are credited with having invented the art of painting on glass. 1081, d. 1151; Abbot of St. Denis and Regent of France. This province also includes the Abbey of New Nursia in Western Australia, founded in 1846 by two exiled monks from St. Martins Abbey, Compostella, who after the general suppression in 1835 had found a home at La Cava in Italy. The example of reform set by the congregation of St. Justina in the fifteenth century exercised an influence upon the Austrian monasteries. Cluny also took its share in the work and became in turn the custodian and fosterer of learning in France. The names are classified according to the particular sphere of work in which they are most celebrated, but although many of them might therefore have a just claim to be included in more than one of the different classes, when the same individual was distinguished in several different departments of work, from considerations of space and for the avoidance of unnecessary repetition, his name has been inserted only under one head. The monks dedicate themselves to "opus Dei," the work of God, both within their community and on the college campus. perhaps the most numerous and flourishing in the congregation, dates from 1859. Roger James, and Bl. J. Up to that time the tradition of the cloister had been opposed to the study of profane literature, but St. Augustine introduced the classics into the English schools, and St. Theodore, who became Archbishop of Canterbury in 668, added still further developments. Following the example of Cluny, several other reforms were initiated from time to time in different parts during the next three centuries, which while taking the Rule of St. Benedict as a basis, aimed frequently at a greater austerity of life than was practiced by the black monks or contemplated by the holy Rule. Some time was necessarily spent in preliminary preparations, and the first general chapter was held at Oxford in 1218, from which time up to the dissolution under Henry VIII the triennial chapters appear to have been held more or less regularly. After twenty years of somewhat isolated existence there, unable to reestablish the Portuguese congregation, they were, in 1895, affiliated to that of Beuron. FRANK MORRIS, BYLINE: The Benedictine Sisters of Mary, Queen of the Apostles monastery is out on a muddy gravel road in the green rolling countryside of northeast Missouri. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries one or two English monks, and at least one of the Maurist congregation, worked on the American mission; and at the time of the French Revolution negotiations had been commenced by Bishop Carroll, first Bishop of Baltimore, for a settlement of English Benedictines in his diocese, which, however, came to nothing. In 1567 a stricter life was instituted in the convent of Thomar, the principal house of the Order of Christ, under this title, where the full monastic life was observed, with a habit and vows similar to those of the Cistercians, though the monks were under the jurisdiction of the grand master of the Knights. Benedictine, member of the Order of Saint Benedict (O.S.B. They were at first under the direction of the Olivetan Benedictines, but after the death of their foundress, in 1440, they became independent. The remaining countries all received the Gospel during the next few centuries, either wholly or partially through the preaching of the Benedictines. Meanwhile certain Italian reforms had produced a number of independent congregations outside the order, differing from each other in organization and spirit, and in each of which the departure from Benedictine principles was carried a stage further. Jean-Baptiste Muard (France), b. This congregation was also an outcome of the reform instituted at St.-Vannes The Abbey of St. Hubert in Ardennes, which had been founded about 706 for canons regular but had become Benedictine in 817, was the first in the Low Countries to embrace the reform. It was from the monastery of St. Andrew in Rome that St. Augustine, the prior, and his forty companions set forth in 595 on their mission for the evangelization of England, and with them St. Benedicts idea of the monastic life first emerged from Italy. Early in the twelfth century France was the scene of a somewhat remarkable phase in the history of the Benedictine nuns. St. Lioba, d. 779; a nun of Wimborne; cousin to St. Boniface; Abbess of Bischofsheim; died in Germany. Lay brothers, Oblates, Confraters, and Nuns; III. Edmond Marten, b. 1/2 teaspoon salt. In Spain monasteries had been founded by the Visigothic kings as early as the latter half of the fifth century, but it was probably some two or three hundred years later that St. Benedicts Rule was adopted. Paul Warnefrid, or Paul the Deacon (Italy), eighth century; historian and teacher (scholasticus) at Monte Cassino. From St. Gregory we learn that twelve other monasteries in the vicinity of Subiaco also owed their origin to him, and that when he was obliged to leave that neighborhood he founded the celebrated Abbey of Monte Cassino, which eventually became the center whence his Rule and institute spread. The influence exercised by the Order of St. Benedict has manifested itself chiefly in three directions: (1) the conversion of the Teutonic races and other missionary works; (2) the civilization of northwestern Europe; (3) educational work and the cultivation of literature and the arts, the forming of libraries, etc. St. Paschasius Radbertus (Germany), d. 860; Abbot of Corbie. II. (c) Muri, founded 1027; suppressed 1841; but restored at Gries (Tyrol) 1845. Of the sixty-six monasteries suppressed in 1835, five have been restored, viz., Montserrat (1844), St. Clodio (1880), Vilvaneira (1883), and Samos (1888) by the Cassinese P. O. congregation, and Silos (1880) by the French monks from Liguge. 1861. It was feudalism applied to the monastic institute. 1588, d. 1648; Prior of Afflighem. Having ceased to exist in 1846, it was revived on a small scale by the Abbot of St. Pauls, and reconstituted in 1886 as a college and university for Benedictines from all parts of the world by Leo XIII, who at his own expense erected the present extensive buildings. The Celtic rule was not entirely supplanted by that of St. Benedict until more than a hundred years later, when the change was effected chiefly through the influence of Pepin the Short, the father of Charlemagne. The Rule of the Benedictines, the Black Monks of Europe The first abbot, Dom Martin Marty, became, in 1879, first Vicar Apostolic of Dakota, where he had some years previously inaugurated mission work amongst the Indians. Nothing very definite can be said as to the first nuns living under the Rule of St. Benedict. The cardinal resigned the abbey to the pope, who thereupon gave it to Ludovico Barbo, a canon regular of St. George in Alga. St. Aldhelm (England), d. 709; Abbot of Malmesbury and Bishop of Sherborne. BENEDICTINES The Order of St. Benedict signifies not a centralized religious institute but the confederated congregations of monks, nuns, and sisters following the Rule of St. Benedict (see benedictine rule). St. Anselms is presided over by Abbot Hildebrand de Hemptinne (who is also Abbot of Maredsous) with the title of Abbot Primate of the whole order. 1/3 tablespoon orange oil. 1694, d. 1762; a monk of St.-Blasien. The companions of St. Augustine, who is usually called the Apostle of England, planted the Faith anew throughout the country whence it had been driven out nearly two centuries previously by the Anglo-Saxon and other heathen invaders. Lay brothers, Oblates, Confraters, and Nuns; III. The Celestines (1274) adopted a somewhat similar system of centralized authority, but differed from it in that their superior was elected triennially. Benedictine Abbeys and Priories in the U.S. | Encyclopedia.com Over Louis he acquired an ascendancy which grew stronger as years went on. The law of enclosure was very strictly observed. The Benedictine College Mission. The capitula of Aachen and the Concordia Regularis were the earliest examples of such constitutions. It had enrolled among its members 20 emperors, 10 empresses, 47 kings, and 50 queens. All were on an equal footing in the community and at first comparatively few seem to have been advanced to the priesthood. Diligent and profound study in all departments of ecclesiastical literature was one of the professed objects of this reform, and a congregation that produced such men of letters as Mabillon, Montfaucon, dAchery, Menard, Lami, Gamier, Ruinart, Martine, Sainte-Marthe, and Durand needs no further eulogy than a reference to their literary achievements. Julien Gamier, b. In Germany St. Boniface opened a school in every monastery he founded, not only for the younger monks, but also for the benefit of outside scholars. This congregation, specially established for the work of foreign missions, was commenced in 1884 in the Abbey of St. Ottilien, in Bavaria, under the title of the Congregation of the Sacred Heart. and for work in gold, silver, iron, and brass. Victor III (Benevento), 1086-87; Abbot of Monte Cassino. Thus St. Birinus evangelized Wessex, St. Chad the Midlands, and St. Felix East Anglia, whilst the Celtic monks from Iona settled at Lindisfarne, whence the work of St. Paulinus in Northumbria was continued by St. Aidan, St. Cuthbert, and many others. Mabillon gives 640 as the date of its introduction into that country (Acta Sanctorum O.S.B., sc. It seems tolerably certain, at any rate, that as St. Benedicts Rule began to be diffused abroad, women as well as men formed themselves into communities in order to live a religious life according to its principles, and wherever the Benedictine monks went, there also we find monasteries being established for nuns. The abbots, therefore, of the different houses were equal in rank, but each was the actual head of his own community and held his office for life. This congregation differs from all others in its constitution. So rapidly did the Faith spread in this country that between the years 740 and 780 no less than twenty-nine Benedictine abbeys were founded there. The latter had no stalls in choir and no vote in chapter; neither were they bound to the daily recitation of the breviary Office as were the choir monks. Benedictines are known for lives of prayer, work, and study, as prescribed by the founding monk, Saint Benedict (480-547) of Italy. The convent of Ypres alone remains at the place of its original foundation, having survived the troublous times of the Revolution. Benedictine Spirituality | Encyclopedia.com These unions, the germ of the congregational system which developed later on, deserve a somewhat detailed enumeration here. brandeschi (Tuscany), 1073-85; a monk of Cluny and afterwards Abbot of St. Pauls, Rome. 1812, d, 1889; a monk of Solesmes; CardinalBishop of Frascati (1863); librarian of the Holy Roman Church. It was not until after the issue of the Bull Benedictina by Benedict XII, in 1336, that other countries, somewhat tardily, organized their national congregations in conformity with the designs of the Lateran Council. A new BBC series will depict the daily life of Benedictine monks in a few UK monasteries, taking camera crews to capture a lifestyle normally hidden from the public's eye. Amongst those that joined were the celebrated abbeys of Subiaco, Monte Cassino, St. Pauls in Rome, St. Georges at Venice, La Cava, and Farfa. Lioba, Thecla, and Walburga were the earliest of these pioneers, and for them and their companions, who were chiefly from Wimborne, St. Boniface established many convents throughout the countries in which he preached. It adopted the Rule of St. Benedict and the constitutions of Citeaux, and possessed 450 commanderies. (h) The Order of Christ, reared upon the ruins of the Templars about 1317; it became very numerous and wealthy. The archabbey was founded by Stephen, the first king of Hungary, in 1001, and together with the other houses enjoys an unbroken succession from the date of foundation. Hugh Faringdon, Abbot of Reading, Bl. Before long monasteries in other countries adopted the same reformed observance and became affiliated to Subiaco. The order was suppressed in 1312. St. Mechtilde, sister to St. Gertrude and nun at Eisleben. Even when the bishop was not himself a monk, he held the place of titular abbot, and the community formed his chapter. The various monasteries of Switzerland were united to form the Swiss congregation in 1602, through the efforts of Augustine, Abbot of Einsiedeln. First off, a Benedictine monk is a man of the Catholic religion who follows the rule of Saint Benedict of Nursia, a Christian saint and a patron saint of Europe. Founded in 1876, as a priory of the English congregation, mainly through the munificence of Lord Lovat, its first community was drawn from the other houses of that body.
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